Transport Processes in the Atmospheric Boundary-Layer (TABLe)

MOSES Gerätevergleich in Fendt 2019

Doppler Lidar bei der CHEESEHEAD-2019 Messkampagne in Wisconsin, USA

EC-Station Graswang

NOx Konzentration simuliert mit PALM-4U am Ernst-Reuter-Platz, Berlin

One of the greatest challenges of our time is global climate change in combination with urbanisation and the realisation that our fossil resources are limited. An understanding of ecological processes that is as precise as possible is the basis for a sustainable approach to our environment. In the Earth's climate system, interactions on the land surface play a special role, as this is where the various areas of the biosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and anthroposphere meet the atmosphere. Against this background we are working on the following research topics:

Measuring the exchange of energy, water and greenhouse gases between the biosphere and the atmosphere

Development of methods for the evaluation of micrometeorological measurements
Turbulence-resolving modeling of exchange processes in the atmospheric boundary layer
Impact of climate change on heat stress and air quality in cities

Matthias Mauder
Team leader

+49 8821 183-119matthias mauderMsp3∂kit edu240

Publications

2021

Khan, B.; Banzhaf, S.; Chan, E. C.; Forkel, R.; Kanani-Sühring, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: Implementation and first applications.
2021. Geoscientific Model Development, 14 (2), 1171–1193. doi:10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021

Butterworth, B. J.; Desai, A. R.; Townsend, P. A.; Petty, G. W.; Andresen, C. G.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Connecting Land–Atmosphere Interactions to Surface Heterogeneity in CHEESEHEAD19.
2021. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102 (2), E421–E445. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0346.1

Wanner, L.; De Roo, F.; Sühring, M.; Mauder, M.
How Does the Choice of the Lower Boundary Conditions in Large-Eddy Simulations Affect the Development of Dispersive Fluxes Near the Surface?.
2021. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. doi:10.1007/s10546-021-00649-7

Helbig, M.; Gerken, T.; Beamesderfer, E. R.; Baldocchi, D. D.; Banerjee, T.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Integrating continuous atmospheric boundary layer and tower-based flux measurements to advance understanding of land-atmosphere interactions.
2021. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 307, Art.-Nr.: 108509. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108509

Lin, D.; Khan, B.; Katurji, M.; Bird, L.; Faria, R.; Revell, L. E.
Wrf4palm v1.0: A mesoscale dynamical driver for the microscale PALM model system 6.0.
2021. Geoscientific Model Development, 14 (5), 2503–2524. doi:10.5194/gmd-14-2503-2021

Yazbeck, T.; Bohrer, G.; Vines, C.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.; Bakshi, B.
Effects of spatial heterogeneity of leaf density and crown spacing of canopy patches on dry deposition rates.
2021. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 306, Art.-Nr.: 108440. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108440

Simpson, J. E.; Holman, F.; Nieto, H.; Voelksch, I.; Mauder, M.; Klatt, J.; et al.
High spatial and temporal resolution energy flux mapping of different land covers using an off-the-shelf unmanned aerial system.
2021. Remote Sensing, 13 (7), Art.-Nr.: 1286. doi:10.3390/rs13071286

2020

Garratt, J.; Wilczak, J.; Holtslag, A.; Schmid, H. P.; Grachev, A.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Commentaries on Top-Cited Boundary-Layer Meteorology Articles.
2020. Boundary layer meteorology, 177 (2-3), 169–188. doi:10.1007/s10546-020-00563-4

Pastorello, G.; Trotta, C.; Canfora, E.; Chu, H.; Christianson, D.; Klatt, J.; et al.
The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data.
2020. Scientific data, 7 (1), Art. Nr.: 225. doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3

Graf, A.; Klosterhalfen, A.; Arriga, N.; Bernhofer, C.; Mauder, M.; Klatt, J.; et al.
Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018.
2020. Philosophical transactions / B, 375 (1810), Art.Nr. 20190524. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0524

Mauder, M.
Hourly data of evapotranspiration of Graswang and Fendt for 2013 and 2014.
2020, July 24. doi:10.5445/IR/1000121942

Fersch, B.; Senatore, A.; Adler, B.; Arnault, J.; Mauder, M.; Schneider, K.; et al.
High-resolution fully-coupled atmospheric–hydrological modeling: a cross-compartment regional water and energy cycle evaluation.
2020. Hydrology and earth system sciences discussions, 24, 2457–2481. doi:10.5194/hess-2019-478

Katata, G.; Grote, R.; Mauder, M.; Zeeman, M. J.; Ota, M.
Wintertime grassland dynamics may influence belowground biomass under climate change: a model analysis.
2020. Biogeosciences, 17 (4), 1071–1085. doi:10.5194/bg-17-1071-2020

Maschita, J.; Banerjee, T.; Savasci, G.; Haase, F.; Ochsenfeld, C.; Lotsch, B. V.
Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks.
2020. Angewandte Chemie / International edition, 59 (36), 15750–15758. doi:10.1002/anie.202007372

Maschita, J.; Banerjee, T.; Savasci, G.; Haase, F.; Ochsenfeld, C.; Lotsch, B. V.
Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks.
2020. Angewandte Chemie, 132 (36), 15880–15888. doi:10.1002/ange.202007372

Mauder, M.; Foken, T.; Cuxart, J.
Surface-Energy-Balance Closure over Land: A Review.
2020. Boundary layer meteorology. doi:10.1007/s10546-020-00529-6

Fersch, B.; Senatore, A.; Adler, B.; Arnault, J.; Mauder, M.; Schneider, K.; et al.
High-resolution fully coupled atmospheric-hydrological modeling: a cross-compartment regional water and energy cycle evaluation.
2020. Hydrology and earth system sciences, 24 (5), 2457–2481. doi:10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020

Maronga, B.; Banzhaf, S.; Burmeister, C.; Esch, T.; Forkel, R.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Overview of the PALM model system 6.0.
2020. Geoscientific model development, 13 (3), 1335–1372. doi:10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020

Mauder, M.; Eggert, M.; Gutsmuths, C.; Oertel, S.; Wilhelm, P.; Voelksch, I.; et al.
Comparison of turbulence measurements by a CSAT3B sonic anemometer and a high-resolution bistatic Doppler lidar.
2020. Atmospheric measurement techniques, 13 (2), 969–983. doi:10.5194/amt-13-969-2020

Banzhaf, S.; Khan, B.; Forkel, R.; Russo, E.; Kanani-Sühring, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Development and Implementation of an Online Chemistry Module to a Large Eddy Simulation Model for the Application in the Urban Canopy.
2020. Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI. Ed.: C. Mensink, 165–169, Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_26

2019

Knox, S. H.; Jackson, R. B.; Poulter, B.; McNicol, G.; Fluet-Chouinard, E.; Klatt, J.; et al.
FLUXNET-CH₄ Synthesis Activity: Objectives, Observations, and Future Directions.
2019. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100 (12), 2607–2632. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0268.1

Kröniger, K.; Katul, G. G.; De Roo, F.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.
Aerodynamic Resistance Parameterization for Heterogeneous Surfaces Using a Covariance Function Approach in Spectral Space.
2019. Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 76 (10), 3191–3209. doi:10.1175/jas-d-18-0150.1

Forkel, R.; Khan, B.; Banzhaf, S.; Sühring, M.; Kanani-Sühring F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Test of gas phase chemistry mechanisms and boundary conditions for the LES model PALM-4U with online coupled chemistry.
2019, September 26. 37th International Technical Meetings on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application (2019), Hamburg, Germany, September 23–27, 2019

Maronga, B.; Gross, G.; Raasch, S.; Banzhaf, S.; Forkel, R.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Development of a new urban climate model based on the model PALM – Project overview, planned work, and first achievements.
2019. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 28 (2), 105–119. doi:10.1127/metz/2019/0909

Forkel, R.; Khan, B.; Banzhaf, S.; Sühring, M.; Kanani-Sühring F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Application of the Online Coupled Large-Eddy Simulation Model with Chemistry PALM-4U.
2019. Geophysical Research Abstracts

Stoy, P. C.; El-Madany, T. S.; Fisher, J. B.; Gentine, P.; Gerken, T.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Reviews and syntheses: Turning the challenges of partitioning ecosystem evaporation and transpiration into opportunities.
2019. Biogeosciences, 16 (19), 3747–3775. doi:10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019

Hald, C.; Zeeman, M.; Laux, P.; Mauder, M.; Kunstmann, H.
Large-eddy simulations of real world episodes in complex terrain based on ERA-Reanalysis and validated by ground-based remote sensing data.
2019. Monthly weather review, 147 (12), 4325–4343. doi:10.1175/mwr-d-19-0016.1

Peltola, O.; Vesala, T.; Gao, Y.; Räty, O.; Alekseychik, P.; Klatt, J.; et al.
Monthly gridded data product of northern wetland methane emissions based on upscaling eddy covariance observations.
2019. Earth system science data, 11 (3), 1263–1289. doi:10.5194/essd-11-1263-2019

Bechtold, M.; De Lannoy, G. J. M.; Koster, R. D.; Reichle, R. H.; Mahanama, S. P.; Klatt, J.; et al.
PEAT-CLSM: A Specific Treatment of Peatland Hydrology in the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model.
2019. Journal of advances in modeling earth systems, 11 (7), 2130–2162. doi:10.1029/2018MS001574

Huq, S.; De Roo, F.; Raasch, S.; Mauder, M.
Vertically nested LES for high-resolution simulation of the surface layer in PALM (version 5.0).
2019. Geoscientific model development, 12 (6), 2523–2538. doi:10.5194/gmd-12-2523-2019

Klosterhalfen, A.; Graf, A.; Brüggemann, N.; Drüe, C.; Esser, O.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Source partitioning of H2O and CO2 fluxes based on high-frequency eddy covariance data: a comparison between study sites.
2019. Biogeosciences, 16 (6), 1111–1132. doi:10.5194/bg-16-1111-2019

Soltani, M.; Laux, P.; Mauder, M.; Kunstmann, H.
Inverse distributed modelling of streamflow and turbulent fluxes: A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis coupled with automatic optimization.
2019. Journal of hydrology, 571, 856–872. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.033

Brugger, P.; De Roo, F.; Kröniger, K.; Rotenberg, E.; Tatarinov, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Contrasting turbulent transport regimes explain cooling effect in a semi-arid forest compared to surrounding shrubland.
2019. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 269-270, 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.041

Berger, S.; Bliefernicht, J.; Linstädter, A.; Canak, K.; Guug, S.; Mauder, M.; et al.
The impact of rain events on CO2 emissions from contrasting land use systems in semi-arid West African savannas.
2019. The science of the total environment, 647, 1478–1489. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.397

2018

Franz, D.; Acosta, M.; Altimir, N.; Arriga, N.; Arrouays, D.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Towards long-term standardised carbon and greenhouse gas observations for monitoring Europe’s terrestrial ecosystems: a review.
2018. International agrophysics, 32 (4), 439–455. doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0039

Rebmann, C.; Aubinet, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Arriga, N.; Aurela, M.; Mauder, M.; et al.
ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review.
2018. International agrophysics, 32 (4), 471–494. doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0044

Sabbatini, S.; Mammarella, I.; Arriga, N.; Fratini, G.; Graf, A.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Eddy covariance raw data processing for CO2 and energy fluxes calculation at ICOS ecosystem stations.
2018. International agrophysics, 32 (4), 495–515. doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0043

Kröniger, K.; De Roo, F.; Brugger, P.; Huq, S.; Banerjee, T.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Effect of Secondary Circulations on the Surface–Atmosphere Exchange of Energy at an Isolated Semi-arid Forest.
2018. Boundary layer meteorology, 169 (2), 209–232. doi:10.1007/s10546-018-0370-6

Brugger, P.; Banerjee, T.; De Roo, F.; Kröniger, K.; Qubaja, R.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Effect of Surface Heterogeneity on the Boundary-Layer Height: A Case Study at a Semi-Arid Forest.
2018. Boundary layer meteorology, 169 (2), 233–250. doi:10.1007/s10546-018-0371-5

Kröniger, K.; Roo, F. D.; Mauder, M.
Flow adjustment inside homogeneous canopies after a leading edge : An analytical approach backed by LES.
2018. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 255, 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.019

Banerjee, T.; Vercauteren, N.; Muste, M.; Yang, D.
Coherent structures in wind shear induced wave-turbulence-vegetation interaction in water bodies.
2018. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 255, 57–67. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.014

De Roo, F.; Banerjee, T.
Can a Simple Dynamical System Describe the Interplay between Drag and Buoyancy in Terrain-Induced Canopy Flows?.
2018. Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 75 (3), 775–786. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-17-0161.1

Mauder, M.; KIT | Webcast [Hrsg.].
06: Capturing all relevant scales of biosphere-atmosphere exchange - Measurements and computations, 11.08.2017.
2018. doi:10.5445/DIVA/2018-115

Desjardins, R. L.; Worth, D. E.; Pattey, E.; VanderZaag, A.; Srinivasan, R.; Mauder, M.; et al.
The challenge of reconciling bottom-up agricultural methane emissions inventories with top-down measurements.
2018. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 248, 48–59. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.003

Hald, C.; Mauder, M.; Laux, P.; Zeeman, M.; Kunstmann, H.
WRF-LES simulations of real episodes in complex terrain and comparison with height-resolving ground-based remote sensing data.
2018. European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU 2018), Vienna, Austria, April 8–13, 2018

Bliefernicht, J.; Berger, S.; Salack, S.; Guug, S.; Hingerl, L.; Mauder, M.; et al.
The WASCAL Hydrometeorological Observatory in the Sudan Savanna of Burkina Faso and Ghana.
2018. Vadose zone journal, 17 (1), 1–20. doi:10.2136/vzj2018.03.0065

De Roo, F.; Zhang, S.; Huq, S.; Mauder, M.
A semi-empirical model of the energy balance closure in the surface layer.
2018. PLOS ONE, 13 (12), Article: e0209022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209022

Kiese, R.; Fersch, B.; Baessler, C.; Brosy, C.; Mauder, M.; Klatt, J.; et al.
The TERENO pre-alpine observatory: Integrating meteorological, hydrological, and biogeochemical measurements and modeling.
2018. Vadose zone journal, 17 (1), Art. Nr.: 180060. doi:10.2136/vzj2018.03.0060

Kröniger, K.; Katul, G. G.; De Roo, F.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.
Aerodynamic Resistance over Canopies: Linking Eddies and Heterogeneities Using a Structure Function Approach.
2018. 23rd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence (2018), Oklahoma City, OK, USA, June 11–15, 2018

Soltani, M.; Laux, P.; Mauder, M.; Kunstmann, H.
Spatiotemporal variability and empirical Copula-based dependence structure of modeled and observed coupled water and energy fluxes.
2018. Hydrology research, nh2018163. doi:10.2166/nh.2018.163

Brugger, P.; Katul, G. G.; De Roo, F.; Kröniger, K.; Rotenberg, E.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Scalewise invariant analysis of the anisotropic Reynolds stress tensor for atmospheric surface layer and canopy sublayer turbulent flows.
2018. Physical review fluids, 3 (5), 054608. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.054608

Khan, B.; Abualnaja, Y.; Al-Subhi, A. M.; Nellayaputhenpeedika, M.; Nellikkattu Thody, M.; Sturman, A. P.
Climatology of sea breezes along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia.
2018. International journal of climatology, 38 (9), 3633–3650. doi:10.1002/joc.5523

Banerjee, T.; Brugger, P.; De Roo, F.; Kröniger, K.; Yakir, D.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Turbulent transport of energy across a forest and a semiarid shrubland.
2018. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 18 (13), 10025–10038. doi:10.5194/acp-18-10025-2018

Qiu, C.; Zhu, D.; Ciais, P.; Guenet, B.; Krinner, G.; Klatt, J.; et al.
ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO2, water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales.
2018. Geoscientific model development, 11 (2), 497–519. doi:10.5194/gmd-11-497-2018

Mauder, M.; Zeeman, M. J.
Field intercomparison of prevailing sonic anemometers.
2018. Atmospheric measurement techniques, 11 (1), 249–263. doi:10.5194/amt-11-249-2018

De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.
The influence of idealized surface heterogeneity on virtual turbulent flux measurements.
2018. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 18 (7), 5059–5074. doi:10.5194/acp-18-5059-2018

Mauder, M.; Genzel, S.; Fu, J.; Kiese, R.; Soltani, M.; Banerjee, T.; et al.
Evaluation of energy balance closure adjustment methods by independent evapotranspiration estimates from lysimeters and hydrological simulations.
2018. Hydrological processes, 32 (1), 39–50. doi:10.1002/hyp.11397

2017

Banerjee, T.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.
Connecting the Failure of K Theory inside and above Vegetation Canopies and Ejection–Sweep Cycles by a Large-Eddy Simulation.
2017. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, 56 (12), 3119–3131. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0363.1

Heidbach, K.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Experimental evaluation of flux footprint models.
2017. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 246, 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.06.008

Wolf, B.; Chwala, C.; Fersch, B.; Garvelmann, J.; Junkermann, W.; Mauder, M.; et al.
The ScaleX campaign: scale-crossing land-surface and boundary layer processes in the TERENO-preAlpine observatory.
2017. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98 (6), 1217–1234. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00277.1

Forkel, R.; Banzhaf, S.; Kanani-Sühring, F.; Ketelsen, K.; Khan, B.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Development and implementation of an online chemistry module to a Large Eddy simulation model.
2017. European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU 2017), Vienna, Austria, April 23–28, 2017

Soltani, M.; Mauder, M.; Laux, P.; Kunstmann, H.
Turbulent flux variability and energy balance closure in the TERENO prealpine observatory : a hydrometeorological data analysis.
2017. Theoretical and applied climatology, 1–20. doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2235-1

Lindauer, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Grote, R.; Steinbrecher, R.; Mauder, M.; Wolpert, B.
A Simple New Model for Incoming Solar Radiation Dependent Only on Screen-Level Relative Humidity.
2017. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, 56 (7), 1817–1825. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0085.1

Huq, S.; De Roo, F.; Foken, T.; Mauder, M.
Evaluation of Probe-Induced Flow Distortion of Campbell CSAT3 Sonic Anemometers by Numerical Simulation.
2017. Boundary layer meteorology, 165 (1), 9–28. doi:10.1007/s10546-017-0264-z

Banerjee, T.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.
Explaining the convector effect in canopy turbulence by means of large-eddy simulation.
2017. Hydrology and earth system sciences, 21 (6), 2987–3000. doi:10.5194/hess-21-2987-2017

Quansah, E.; Katata, G.; Mauder, M.; Annor, T.; Amekudzi, L. K.; Bliefernicht, J.; et al.
Numerical Simulation of Surface Energy and Water Balances over a Semiarid Grassland Ecosystem in the West African Savanna.
2017. Advances in meteorology, 2017, Article 6258180. doi:10.1155/2017/6258180

Dias-Júnior, C. Q.; Sá, L. D. A.; Marques Filho, E. P.; Santana, R. A.; Mauder, M.; Manzi, A. O.
Turbulence regimes in the stable boundary layer above and within the Amazon forest.
2017. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 233, 122–132. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.001

Zeeman, M. J.; Mauder, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Heidbach, K.; Eckart, E.; Schmid, H. P.
Reduced snow cover affects productivity of upland temperate grasslands.
2017. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 232, 514–526. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.09.002

2016

Katul, G. G.; Banerjee, T.; Cava, D.; Germano, M.; Porporato, A.
Generalized logarithmic scaling for high-order moments of the longitudinal velocity component explained by the random sweeping decorrelation hypothesis.
2016. Physics of fluids, 28 (9), Art.Nr.: 095104. doi:10.1063/1.4961963

Desai, A. R.; Wohlfahrt, G.; Zeeman, M. J.; Katata, G.; Eugster, W.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Montane ecosystem productivity responds more to global circulation patterns than climatic trends.
2016. Environmental research letters, 11 (2), Art. Nr.: 024013. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024013

Wolz, K.; Adler, B.; Brenner, C.; De Roo, F.; Emeis, S.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Multi-scale observation and modelling of energy and matter exchange in the atmospheric boundary-layer (ScaleX campaigns).
2016. AGU Fall Meeting 2016, San Francisco, CA, December 12-16, 2016

Schmid, H. P.; Zeeman, M. J.; Mauder, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Heidbach, K.; Eckart, E.
Sensitivity of upland grasslands to management and climate forcing.
2016. AGU Fall Meeting 2016, San Francisco, CA, December 12-16, 2016

Zeeman, M.; Adler, B.; Banerjee, T.; Brugger, P.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Boundary layer dynamics in a small shallow valley near the Alps (ScaleX campaign).
2016. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (Dach 2016), Berlin, Germany, March 14–18, 2016

Zeeman, M. J.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.
Evaluation of scan-patterns for a triple Doppler lidar setup.
2016. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (Dach 2016), Berlin, Germany, March 14–18, 2016

Zeeman, M. J.; Banerjee, T.; Belusic, D.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
Combining in-situ and ground-based remote sensing observation: how to connect the dots?.
2016. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (Dach 2016), Berlin, Germany, March 14–18, 2016

Zeeman, M.; Adler, B.; Banerjee, T.; Brugger, P.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Boundary layer dynamics in a small shallow valley near the Alps (ScaleX campaign).
2016. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 17-22, 2016

Zeeman, M. J.; Mauder, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Heidbach, K.; Eckart, E.; Schmid, H. P.
Sensitivity of upland grasslands to management and climate forcing.
2016. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (Dach 2016), Berlin, Germany, March 14–18, 2016

Zeemann, M. J.; Banerjee, T.; Belusic, D.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.; Vercauteren, N.
Analysis of atmospheric flow in mountainous terrain using multi-scale observations and dimension-reduction techniques.
2016. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 12-16, 2016

Soltani, M.; Mauder, M.; Laux, P.; Kunstmann, H.
Observational analysis of te atmosphere-land surface interactions over the TERENO pre-alpine region.
2016. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 17-22, 2016

Mauder, M.; Quansah, E.; Annor, T.; Balogun, A. A.; Amekudzi, L. K.; Bliefernicht, J.; et al.
The impact of land use on the net ecosystem CO₂ exchanges in the West African Sudanian savannas.
2016. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 17-22, 2016

Schäfer, K.; Zeeman, M.; Brosy, C.; Münkel, C.; Fersch, B.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Methane distributions and transports in the nocturnal boundary layer at a rural station.
2016. Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXI, Edingburgh, GB, September 26-29, 2016. Ed.: A. Comeron, 100103/1–9, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). doi:10.1117/12.2241110

Lindauer, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Grote, R.; Steinbrecher, R.; Mauder, M.; Wolpert, B.
A simple new model for incoming solar radiation dependent only on relative humidity.
2016. 32nd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 22nd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 3rd Conference on Atmospheric Biogeosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-24, 2016

Desai, A.; Hansen, Z.; Xu, K.; Mauder, M.; De Roo, F.; Metzger, S.
How many flux towers are enough? Energy balance closure and large eddy simulation as diagnostic tools for secondary circulations.
2016. 32nd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 22nd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 3rd Conference on Atmospheric Biogeosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-24, 2016

De Roo, F.; Zeeman, M.; Brugger, P.; Mauder, M.
The dependence of energy budget components on the surface characteristics of a shallow pre-Alpine valley.
2016. 32nd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 22nd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 3rd Conference on Atmospheric Biogeosciences, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-24, 2016

De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.
The dependence of energy budget components on idealized surface characteristics: a parameter study.
2016. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (Dach 2016), Berlin, Germany, March 14–18, 2016

Banerjee, T.; Li, D.; Juang, J.-Y.; Katul, G.
A Spectral Budget Model for the Longitudinal Turbulent Velocity in the Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer.
2016. Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 73 (1), 145–166. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15-0066.1

Hingerl, L.; Kunstmann, H.; Wagner, S.; Mauder, M.; Bliefernicht, J.; Rigon, R.
Spatio-temporal variability of water and energy fluxes: a case study for a mesoscale catchment in pre-alpine environment.
2016. Hydrological processes, 30 (21), 3804–3823. doi:10.1002/hyp.10893

Li, D.; Salesky, S. T.; Banerjee, T.
Connections between the Ozmidov scale and mean velocity profile in stably stratified atmospheric surface layers.
2016. Journal of fluid mechanics, 797 (June), Art. Nr. R3. doi:10.1017/jfm.2016.311

Maurer, V.; Kalthoff, N.; Wieser, A.; Kohler, M.; Mauder, M.; Gantner, L.
Observed spatiotemporal variability of boundary-layer turbulence over flat, heterogeneous terrain.
2016. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (3), 1377–1400. doi:10.5194/acp-16-1377-2016

2015

Khan, B.; Stenchikov, G.; Weinzierl, B.; Kalenderski, S.; Osipov, S.
Dust plume formation in the free troposphere and aerosol size distribution during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment in North Africa.
2015. Tellus / B, 67 (1), Article no: 27170. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v67.27170

Steinbrecher, R.; Lindauer, M.; Wolpert, B.; Neidl, F.; Mauder, M.; Grote, R.; et al.
CO₂ and monoterpene exchange in a non-cleared wind-throw of a mountain Norway spruce forest.
2015. Atmospheric Science Seminar, University of Helsinki, SF, August 6, 2015

Wulfmeyer, V.; Turner, D. D.; Mauder, M.; Behrendt, A.; Ingwersen, J.; Streck, T.
A novel concept for observing land-surface-atmosphere feedback based on a synergy of scanning lidar systems.
2015. AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, Calif., December 14-18, 2015

Mauder, M.; Eder, F.; De Roo, F.; Brugger, P.; Schmid, H. P.; Rotenberg, E.; et al.
Large-eddy transport in the surface layer over heterogeneous terrain.
2015. AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, Calif., December 14-18, 2015

Zhang, S.; De Roo, F.; Heinze, R.; Eder, F.; Huq, S.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Coherent structure patterns affect energy balance closure: evidence from virtual measurements for a field campaign.
2015. AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, Calif., December 14-18, 2015

Zeeman, M. J.; Adler, B.; Banerjee, T.; Brugger, P.; De Roo, F.; Mauder, M.; et al.
A novel concept for observing land-surface-atmosphere feedback based on a synergy of scanning lidar systems.
2015. AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, Calif., December 14-18, 2015

Banerjee, T.; Katul, G. G.; Mauder, M.; De Roo, F.
Connecting the failure of K-theory inside vegetation canopies and ejection-sweep cycles by a Large Eddy Simulation (LES).
2015. AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, Calif., December 14-18, 2015

Quansah, E.; Mauder, M.; Balogun, A. A.; Amekudzi, L. K.; Hingerl, L.; Bliefernicht, J.; et al.
Carbon dioxide fluxes from contrasting ecosystems in the Sudanian Savanna in West Africa.
2015. Carbon Balance and Management, 10 (1), 1–17. doi:10.1186/s13021-014-0011-4

Wolf, B.; Chwala, C.; De Roo, F.; Fersch, B.; Garvelmann, J.; Mauder, M.; et al.
The ScaleX experiment in the TERENO-prealpine observatory.
2015. 33rd International Conference on Alpine Meteorology (ICAM), Innsbruck, A, August 31 - September 4, 2015

Zhang, S.; De Roo, F.; Heinze, R.; Eder, F.; Huq, S.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Large-eddy simulation of the energy balance closure problem: a case study for a field campaign with multi-scale observations.
2015. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 12-17, 2015 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 17(2015) EGU2015-3307

Maurer, V.; Kalthoff, N.; Wieser, A.; Kohler, M.; Mauder, M.
Observed spatial variability of boundary-layer turbulence over flat, heterogeneous terrain.
2015. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15 (13), 18011–18064. doi:10.5194/acpd-15-18011-2015

Eder, F.; Schmidt, M.; Damian, T.; Träumner, K.; Mauder, M.
Mesoscale eddies affect near-surface turbulent exchange: Evidence from lidar and tower measurements.
2015. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, 54 (1), 189–206. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0140.1

2014

Fratini, G.; Mauder, M.
Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: An intercomparison of EddyPro and TK3.
2014. Atmospheric measurement techniques, 7 (7), 2273–2281. doi:10.5194/amt-7-2273-2014

Zeeman, M.; Thomas, C.; Selker, J.; Mauder, M.
Recent developments in the use of DTS to monitor atmospheric flows.
2014. AGU Fall Meeting 2014, San Francisco, Calif., December 15-19, 2014

Zeeman, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Eckart, E.; Heidbach, K.; Mauder, M.
The influence of meteorological variability on the seasonal course of pre-Alpine managed grasslands.
2014. From Observation to Prediction in Terrestial Systems : TERENO International Conference, Bonn, September 29 - October 2, 2014

Zeeman, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Eckart, E.; Heidbach, K.; Mauder, M.
The influence of meteorological variability on the seasonal course of pre-Alpine managed grasslands.
2014. 1st ICOS International Conference on Greenhouse Gases and Biogeochemical Cycles, Bruxelles, B, September 23-25, 2014

Hommeltenberg, J.; Mauder, M.; Heidbach, K.; Schmid, H. P.
Eddy covariance-based methane and CO₂ budget of a bog-pine ecosystem in southern Germany.
2014. 7th International Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG7), Amsterdam, NL, November 5-7, 2014

Hommeltenberg, J.; Mauder, M.; Heidbach, K.; Schmid, H. P.
Eddy covariance-based methane and CO₂ budget of a bog-pine ecosystem in southern Germany.
2014. 31st Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Portland, Oreg., May 12- 15, 2014

Eder, F.; Schmidt, M.; Damian, T.; Träumner, K.; Mauder, M.
Meso-scale eddies contribute to near-surface exchange: evidence from field measurements.
2014. From Observation to Prediction in Terrestial Systems : TERENO International Conference, Bonn, September 29 - October 2, 2014

Hommeltenberg, J.; Steinbrecher, R.; Drösler, M.; Mauder, M.; Schmid, H. P.
Natural and drained temperate bog-forest ecosystems: Carbon sink or carbon source?.
2014. From Observation to Prediction in Terrestial Systems : TERENO International Conference, Bonn, September 29 - October 2, 2014

Hommeltenberg, J.; Steinbrecher, R.; Drösler, M.; Mauder, M.; Schmid, H. P.
Carbon source/sink relationships in natural and drained peat bog forests.
2014. 1st ICOS International Conference on Greenhouse Gases and Biogeochemical Cycles, Bruxelles, B, September 23-25, 2014

Eder, F.; de Roo, F.; Kohnert, K.; Desjardins, R. L.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Limitations of two energy balance closure parameterizations.
2014. From Observation to Prediction in Terrestial Systems : TERENO International Conference, Bonn, September 29 - October 2, 2014

Hommeltenberg, J.; Mauder, M.; Drösler, M.; Heidbach, K.; Werle, P.; Schmid, H. P.
Ecosystem scale methane fluxes in a natural temperate bog-pine forest in southern Germany.
2014. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 198-199, 273–284. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.08.017

Heidbach, K.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Experimental evaluation of flux footprint models.
2014. AGU Fall Meeting 2014, San Francisco, Calif., December 15-19, 2014

De Roo, F.; Huq, S.; Metzger, S.; Xu, K.; Desai, A.; Mauder, M.
On the benefit of driving Large-Eddy Simulation with spatially resolved surface fluxes derived from environmental response functions.
2014. From Observation to Prediction in Terrestial Systems : TERENO International Conference, Bonn, September 29 - October 2, 2014

De Roo, F.; Huq, S.; Zhang, S.; Mauder, M.
Large-eddy simulation of the energy balance closure in fully heterogeneous terrain.
2014. 21st Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Leeds, GB, June 9-13, 2014

Heidbach, K.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Experimental evaluation of flux footprint models.
2014. 31st Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Portland, Oreg., May 12-15, 2014

Lindauer, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Grote, R.; Mauder, M.; Wolpert, B.; Steinbrecher, R.
How does wind-throw disturbance affect the carbon budget of an upland spruce forest ecosystem?.
2014. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 27 - May 2, 2014 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 16(2014) EGU2014-11404

Lindauer, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Grote, R.; Mauder, M.; Steinbrecher, R.; Wolpert, B.
Net ecosystem exchange over a non-cleared wind-throw-disturbed upland spruce forest. Measurement and simulations.
2014. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 197, 219–234. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.07.005

Huq, S.; de Roo, F.; Raasch, S.; Mauder, M.
Vertical grid nesting for improved surface layer resolution in large-eddy simulation.
2014. 21st Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Leeds, GB, June 9-13, 2014

Charuchittipan, D.; Babel, W.; Mauder, M.; Leps, J. P.; Foken, T.
Extension of the averaging time in Eddy-covariance measurements and its effect on the energy balance closure.
2014. Boundary layer meteorology, 152, 303–327. doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9922-6

Eder, F.; Rotenberg, E.; Yakir, D.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Impact of surface heat flux differences on mixed-layer height: ground-based remote sensing measurements at Yatir forest, Israel.
2014. 21st Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Leeds, GB, June 9-13, 2014

Eder, F.; de Roo, F.; Kohnert, K.; Desjardins, R. L.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.
Evaluation of two energy balance closure parametrizations.
2014. Boundary layer meteorology, 151, 195–219. doi:10.1007/s10546-013-9904-0

2013

Mauder, M.
A Comment on "How Well Can We Measure the Vertical Wind Speed? Implications for Fluxes of Energy and Mass" by Kochendorfer et al.
2013. Boundary layer meteorology, 147 (2), 329–335. doi:10.1007/s10546-012-9794-6

Lindauer, M.; Grote, R.; Mauder, M.; Wolpert, B.; Steinbrecher, R.; Schmid, H. P.
The transition of an upland spruce forest ecosystem through a catastrophic wind-fall event: measurements and simulation of the carbon balance.
2013. OpenScienceConference on Climate Extremes and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Terrestrial Biosphere: Impacts and Feedbacks Across Scales, Seefeld, A, April 2- 5, 2013

Rebmann, C.; Cuntz, M.; Drüe, C.; Graf, A.; Mauder, M.; Schmidt, M.; et al.
Ecosystem studies within the German network TERENO.
2013. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 7-12, 2013 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15(2013) EGU2013-12764

Kohnert, K.; Mauder, M.; Foken, T.
Variability of the mixed layer height derived by ceilometer measurements in the Bavarian pre-Alps.
2013. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 7-12, 2013 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15(2013) EGU2013-3421

Mauder, M.; Cuntz, M.; Drüe, C.; Graf, A.; Rebmann, C.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
On the need for uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements.
2013. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 7-12, 2013 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15(2013) EGU2013-5229

Fratini, G.; Mauder, M.; Griessbaum, M.; Foken, T.
Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: a comparison between EddyPro and TK3.
2013. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 7-12, 2013 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15(2013) EGU2013-3866

de Roo, F.; Mauder, M.
Theoretical considerations on the energy balance closure.
2013. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Meteorologen-Tagung (DACH 2013), Innsbruck, A, September 2-6, 2013

Fersch, B.; Wagner, S.; Mauder, M.; Kunstmann, H.
Coupled simulation of groundwater-soil-atmosphere interaction in the TERENO Pre-Alpine region.
2013. REKLIM Workshop, Bad Honnef, 16.-18.April 2013

Fersch, B.; Wagner, S.; Mauder, M.; Kunstmann, H.
Coupled modeling of groundwater-soil-atmosphere interaction in the TERENO Pre-Alpine region.
2013. TERENO Workshop, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 11.-12.Juni 2013

Eder, F.; de Roo, F.; Kohnert, K.; Desjardins, R. L.; Foken, T.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Validation of two energy balance closure parameterizations using field measurements.
2013. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 7-12, 2013

Metzger, S.; Junkermann, W.; Mauder, M.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Trancon y Widemann, B.; Neidl, F.; et al.
Spatially explicit regionalization of airborne flux measurements using environmental response functions.
2013. Biogeosciences, 10, 2193–2217. doi:10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013

Stoy, P. C.; Mauder, M.; Foken, T.; Marcolla, B.; Boegh, E.; Ibrom, A.; et al.
A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneity.
2013. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 137–152. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.004

Mauder, M.; Cuntz, M.; Drüe, C.; Graf, A.; Rebmann, C.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements.
2013. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 169, 122–135. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006

2012

Metzger, S.; Junkermann, W.; Mauder, M.; Beyrich, F.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
Eddy covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft.
2012. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5, 1699–1717. doi:10.5194/amt-5-1699-2012

Foken, T.; Leuning, R.; Oncley, S. R.; Mauder, M.; Aubinet, M.
Corrections and data quality control.
2012. Aubinet, M. [Hrsg.] Eddy Covariance : A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science and Business Media, 2012 (Springer Atmospheric Sciences), 85–131

Drüe, C.; Mauder, M.; Cuntz, M.; Graf, A.; Rebmann, C.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
A scheme for assessment of quality and uncertainty for long-term eddy-covariance measurements.
2012. 20th Symp.on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Boston, Mass., July 9-13, 2012

Emeis, S.; Jahn, C.; Schäfer, K.; Mauder, M.
Temporal variation of atmospheric boundary layer features from ground-based remote sensing.
2012. TERENO Workshop, Potsdam, January 24-25, 2012

Lindauer, M.; Schmid, H. P.; Mauder, M.; Wolpert, B.; Steinbrecher, R.
Net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ in a wind-throw-disturbed upland spruce forest ecosystem. First results.
2012. 30th AMS Conf.on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Boston, Mass., May 29 - June 1, 2012

Metzger, S.; Junkermann, W.; Mauder, M.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Trancon y Widemann, B.; Wieneke, S.; et al.
Environmental response functions - relating eddy-covariance flux measurements to ecosystem drivers.
2012. Spatial and Temporal Scaling in Continentai-Scale Ecology Workshop, Boulder, Colo., June 11-12, 2012

Mauder, M.
Capturing all relevant scales of biosphere-atmosphere exchange - the enigmatic energy balance closure problem.
2012. 1st Conf.on Atmospheric Biogeosciences, Boston, Mass., May 29 - June 1, 2012

Mauder, M.; Cuntz, M.; Drüe, C.; Graf, A.; Rebmann, C.; Schmid, H. P.; et al.
On the need for uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements.
2012. 30th AMS Conf.on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Boston, Mass., May 29 - June 1, 2012

2011

Hingerl, L.; Kunstmann, H.; Wagner, S.; Mauder, M.; Rigon, R.
High resolution joint water and energy balance observation and modeling in a prealpine environment.
2011. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, April 3-8, 2011 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 13(2011) EGU2011-3908

Foken, T.; Aubinet, M.; Finnigan, J. J.; Leclerc, Y.; Mauder, M.; Paw, U. K. T.
Results of a panel discussion about the energy balance closure correction for trace gases.
2011. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92, S.ES13-ES18. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3130.1

Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Foken, T.; Williams, Q. L.; Mauder, M.; Thomas, C.
Coherent structures and flux contribution over an inhomogeneously irrigated cotton field.
2011. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 103, 119–131. doi:10.1007/s00704-010-0287-6

Zacharias, S.; Bogena, H.; Samaniego, L.; Mauder, M.; Fuß, R.; Pütz, T.; et al.
A network of terrestrial environmental observatories in Germany.
2011. Vadose zone journal, 10 (3), 955–973. doi:10.2136/vzj2010.0139

Cardoso Lisboa, C.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Mauder, M.; Kiese, R.
Bioethanol production fro sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases - known and unknown.
2011. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 3, 277–292. doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01095.x

2010

Mauder, M.; Desjardins, R.; Pattey, E.; Worth, D.
An attempt to close the daytime surface energy balance using spatially-averaged flux measurements.
2010. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 136, 175–91. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9497-9

Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Foken, T.; Williams, Q. L.; Liu, S.; Mauder, M.; et al.
Turbulence spectra and cospectra under the influence of large eddies in the energy balance experiment (EBEX).
2010. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 136, 235–51. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9504-1

Mauder, M.; Desjardins, R.; Pattey, E.; Worth, D.
An attempt to close the surface energy balance using spatially-averaged flux measurements.
2010. European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Wien, A, May 2-7, 2010 Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12(2010) EGU2010-2866

Foken, T.; Mauder, M.; Liebethal, C.; Wimmer, F.; Beyrich, F.; Leps, J. P.; et al.
Energy balance closure for the LITFASS-2003 experiment.
2010. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 101, 149–60. doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0216-8

2009

Desjardins, R.; Mauder, M.; Gao, Z.; Pattey, E.; Worth, D.; Flesch, T.; et al.
Application of open and closed-path lasers for improving the estimates of the agricultural emissions of methane and nitrous oxide.
2009. FLAIR 2009 : Field Laser Applications in Industry and Research, Grainau, September 6-11, 2009

Balogun, A. A.; Adegoke, J. O.; Vezhapparambu, S.; Mauder, M.; McFadden, J. P.; Gallo, K.
Surface energy balance measurements above an exurban residential neighbourhood of Kansas City, Missouri.
2009. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 133, 299–321. doi:10.1007/s10546-009-9421-3